Computer Languages :: essays research papers

Codings      Differences in codings is a subject that numerous individuals are definitely not acquainted with. I was one of those sorts of individuals before I began investigating on this theme. There a wide range of programming languages and every single one of them are comparative somehow or another, but at the same time are distinctive in different manners, for example, program punctuation, the configuration of the language, and the impediments of the language.      Most software engineers begin programming in dialects, for example, turbo pascal or one of the different sorts of fundamental. Turbo pascal, Basic, and Fortran are the absolute most seasoned scripts. A significant number of the present current dialects have been an aftereffect of one of these three dialects, however are incredibly improved. Both turbo pascal and essential are dialects that are straightforward and the linguistic structure is extremely simple and clear. In Basic when printing to the screen you basically type the word 'print', in turbo pascal you would type 'writeln'. These are straightforward orders that the PC executes. To execute a line of code in a language, for example, C, or C++, you would need to type in considerably more complex lines of code that are substantially more confounding than the past two.      The arrangement and format of the different dialects are extremely assorted between a few, and between others are to some degree comparable. When programming in Basic the client needs to type in line numbers before each new line of code. In a refreshed variant of Basic called QBasic, numbers are discretionary. Turbo pascal doesn't permit the client to include numbers, it has preset orders that seperate each part of the program. This is like QBasic, yet is significantly more advanced. Rather than utilizing the order gosub in Basic, the client would make a technique call.      Another new dialect is C. C is a side project of turbo pascal yet is fit for accomplishing a bigger number of things than turbo. The arrangement and design are comparative, yet the linguistic structure is considerably more intricate than turbo is. At the point when C previously came out, there were many significant defects in the language so another variant must be put out, C++. The primary expansion from C to C++ is the idea of classes and formats. Numerous other little defects were fixed when this new form of C came out too.      Many of the dialects have various constraints on the undertakings that they

How money widens the gap of loneliness in the great gatsby :: essays research papers

The 1920’s in the US was a period of monetary development in which individuals lived silly lives by accepting their cash would satisfy them. It was a period of alcoholic disallowance and a period of liberation for ladies. Along these lines, it was a period of gatherings, drinking and wild ladies for the individuals who could bear the cost of it. The individuals who were at the base of society were continually making progress toward the highest point of the monetary stepping stool.      This time period, in Long Island, is the premise of F. Scott’s Fitzgerald’s book, The Great Gatsby. It has gotten one of the incredible works of art in American writing and is notable for its analysis on economic wellbeing. Through the presentation of numerous â€Å"status† arranged characters, Fitzgerald remarks on the public activities of those living in the twenties. Be that as it may, does it go past the economic wellbeing issues it locations, and spotlight on something more profound? Truly, the characters may concentrate on their consistent move to monetary prosperity, however more critically they uncover a subject of The Great Gatsby: amidst man’s heart is dejection and the should be required, which is encircled by the covetousness of cash. â€Å"Gatsby offers a nitty gritty social image of the worries of a propelled industrialist culture in the mid 1920s† (Fitter), â€Å"Fitzgerald reveals in these individuals an ugliness of s oul, lack of regard and nonattendance of loyalties. He can't loathe them, for they are moronic in their insensate childishness, and just to be pitied.† (Clark).      Fryc 2 The plot, or general improvement of the story, is painstakingly intended to develop as the peruser becomes more acquainted with the characters. It isn’t until the last barely any sections that the genuine occasions of the story add to the subject. That being said, the character’s responses to these occasions are what fortify the topic of dejection.      The storyteller, Nick Carraway, presents his own perspective on himself toward the start of the story. By being the storyteller, he just permits the peruser to realize what he needs them to think about him. He gives the feeling that he is an upstanding individual that â€Å"reserves all judgments† (p.1). In any case, before the finish of the story, he has arrived at the resolution that everybody he has come into contact with is shallow and self-consumed. In spite of the fact that he may give the feeling that he is content with life, a little look at dejection can be found in him.

Telethon FAQs

Telethon FAQs h4 a, h4 a:visited, h4 a:active { font-weight: bold; color: #000; } This Monday and Tuesday, undergrad volunteers banded together in a roomful of Institvte phones to individually congratulate and chat with each of the freshly admitted candidates for the class of 2016. We all stayed longer than wed planned; my hallmate and I swore we would only stop in for a few calls, but ended up making hundreds of calls for over four hours despite our bleeding GPAs and unfinished psets. It was a little like gambling; only one in seven or eight of you guys picked up (shame!), so wed have losing streaks for a while, give up hope, suddenly get a real, live, excited prefrosh and have a great 45 minute conversation, and ride on a high of vicarious prefrosh cheer through the next few voicemails in a vicious cycle. The telethon is a fun tradition that I think brings a really nice personal touch / warm fuzzy feeling to the seemingly heartless process of admissions. When I invited Stephan13 to come volunteer at the EA telethon last year, his face fell and he plaintively said, Anyone can go? I thought the people who called us were, like, special or something. Ironic, then, that he is insanely clever and hardworking, like, oh, I dont know, most people who make it through this place. My calls only made it through to a handful of people, but you seemed really cool! Thanks for your time, bros and girl-bros. With Campus Preview Weekend and enrollment decisions approaching, Id like to share some relevant FAQs I was asked while telethoning, in hopes that theyll be useful for some of the prefrosh we didnt manage to reach. I am trying to decide between MIT and ____. Their campus preview weekends coincide. What should I do? I know a lot of people who had this problem as prefrosh, and while Im not going to say omg we are totally the best thing ever so you should just forget about those other hussies, because you are the best judge of which school is best for you, Im pretty sure that MITs campus preview weekend is (a) the most fun (b) the most revealing about its culture (c) the most differentiated from a normal campus tour. Most campus preview weekends dont differ drastically from a tour besides the scale; you will likely see several more organized student events, talks, and dorms than you would by visiting on any other weekend. CPW is an intense compression of an entire undergrad experience at MIT, minus all the hard work, into three days. Events literally go around the clock; there are never less than five or six events going on at a time, and usually many more, with the exception of five or six hour breaks for sleep in the wee hours of the morning. The entire campus bands together in a concentrated burst of effort to do everything that lies at the intersection of fun and possible, everything they normally do during the year for fun but smushed together at an impossible density. A cappella groups run around serenading you all over campus; East Campus and Random Hall bust out the dewars and make you liquid nitrogen ice cream; every living group has a barbecue at least once a day; every student organization and club shows off demos / breakdances / unicycles / juggles / flies hovercrafts / blows things up at a giant activities fair. Youll glowstick, play underground capture the flag, maybe even play glow-in-t he-dark capture the flag. You may walk through kiddie pools filled with non-Newtonian fluid. Youll meet people you will stay friends with throughout college, even if you decide not go to MIT. Youll talk to tens of metric tons of us. You may even meet a professor you want to do research with. (When I was a prefrosh, I pulled a super lame hack with some other prefrosh I met on the internet.) Youll almost certainly overeat. Remember that there will be food at almost every event, and save room for a few flavors of liquid nitrogen ice cream. More laid-back events involve teaching increasingly obscure math late into the A.M. until all attendees leave or fall asleep, the inevitable MORE FOOD THAN YOUR BODY HAS ROOM FOR, talks by faculty members, open houses with every department, program, and organization on campus, hair dyeing (good luck explaining that to your parents), and several thousand bouncy balls being thrown from a Senior Haus balcony into the courtyard. via flickr Its a little more stressful for us, because we have a lot of logistics to take care of to produce this giant, mostly student-driven welcome to you, on top of normal schoolwork, which we dont get a break on. But we dont really need sleep any more, so whatever. tl;dr  CPW is not just a glorified campus tour; skipping it and stopping through the next weekend will still be informative, but you will find out much more about your future undergraduate community at MIT CPW than you would at any other preview weekend. still tl;dr  come to CPW you will not regret it None of my following FAQ answers will be as exciting as this one. Ever. Sorry. Can I do research freshman year? Like, real research, I dont want to sit around cleaning test tubes all day. I want to run my own project, and also have a pony. You can have all of that except the pony. For reasons unfathomable to me, MIT is stellar at undergrad research. Many, many freshmen do real research as early as their first semester. My next-door neighbor, Martin15, started working in the Drennan Lab fall semester he uses X-ray crystallography to analyze enzyme structures. You can work here in exchange for U.S. dollars or class credits, or you can work abroad. Several of my close friends have done research in Spain via the MISTI program, which extends to twelve other countries. Theres also a program called D-Lab thats geared toward developing countries. Someone could write a hefty treatise on this, but the short answer is: yes, you can do research here without prior experience. The tough part will be finding time. Can I continue pursuing the arts at MIT to insert your own degree of seriousness? In my personal opinion, the MIT admissions process, brutal though it may be, does a great job picking people that are not just good at science but proficient in many areas. People who are good at doing things are not characterized by their ability to nerdily rattle off Science Facts, after all, but by their creativity, love of learning, and work ethic. Im sure you already know this. What Im getting at is that you will likely be able to find a variety of student groups with different commitment levels that suit your needs while you are simultaneously doing Science Things, because more MIT folks than you would expect are really artsy. The usual deluge of examples courtesy of the availability heuristic: my hallmate started doing professional graphic design at age 15 and is currently CTO at a startup even though hes only a sophomore now, my boyfriend is both a full-time web developer and a short film composer, and once I went to a Boston Pops concert and this girl who was in one of my co mpsci classes at the time unexpectedly hopped up on the stage and performed a Mendelssohn concerto with them. MIT has a lot of interesting humanities professors: examples include Junot Diaz (see jkims take on his writing class), Martin Marks, who teaches film music history and composition and serves as the curator for the National Film Preservation Foundation, and Mark Harvey, who is a mild-mannered lecturer by day and a crazy trumpet-playing jazz orchestra leader by night, crazy in only the best of ways, although I still hope he doesnt read this. MITs humanities programs are good, but obviously cant compete with real art colleges. Fortunately, you can cross-register at Harvard, Wellesley, MassArt, or SMFA without paying extra tuition. The surrounding area is also home to Berklee College of Music, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. So, if you venture off campus, you can find lots of non-MIT organizations too. What will dorm life be like? I dont know where Ill fit in! Ahh! Your dorm-placement schedule looks like this: some time this summer: You receive the i3 (Interactive Introduction to the Institvte) videos, which are produced by students in each dorm. Alternatively, you realize immediately after you finish reading this blog post that all of the previous ones are on Youtube, and you marvel at East Campuss roller coaster for a while before being completely confused by Bexleys video. before matriculation: First dorm lottery. orientation: Set up shop in your temp dorm. Every living group throws a billion events so you can get a better sense of dorm / living group cultures. You enter the readjustment lottery, or you decide you made the right initial decision and squat. after orientation: If you were in the readjustment lottery, you move. after readjustment: You move around within your dorm; each floor/section has a distinct culture as well. So dont worry about that just yet youll have a few months after enrolling to figure it all out. MIT sounds great and all, but what if its too difficult? Im just a plain ol high school senior. So were most of us, once. Dont worry, you didnt get admitted on accident. MIT is undeniably very difficult, but freshmen are given the boon of Pass/No Record for a semester, in order to help ease the pressure as they acclimate to the disturbingly rigorous coursework. Itll help to remember that the work is made difficult in order to help you learn more, not because the professors are evil extradimensional creatures who feed upon human suffering. There are also many resources such as office hours, tutors (MIT pays students to tutor other students), structured study groups, and structured freshman programs such as Concourse and ESG. You will also end up organically forming study groups with all of the freshmen in your living group. Basically, if you try to do everything on your own one hour before its due like you did in high school because high school classes were trivial for you, you will fail miserably, and  if you reach out for help, life will be much easier. You will probably still get 20% on your first chem exam and finish the semester with your first C or two, boo hoo, but no one will ever see it and youll do just fine in the grand scheme of things. I elaborate upon freshman academics in graphic detail in this post; you will have plenty of time to figure that out if you do choose MIT. I want to go to MIT for grad school; will going there for undergrad hurt my chances? Even if you end up with the same major that you originally planned, your experiences over the next four or so years will make you a radically different person with different priorities. Grad programs desirability and strengths vary wildly depending on the specific research interests and emotional baggage you leave undergrad with. So its a terrible idea to have your 17-year-old self make decisions for your 21-year-old self. Not to mention that if youre good enough to get into MIT grad school, wellthats pretty damn good. The overall feeling Im painting here, especially with CPW and all, may seem excessively optimistic and idealistic. Nothing is perfect, obviously; tuition is horrendously expensive, the winters are cold, and there will be conflicts and bad classes and quarter-life crises. I think I made the optimal decision in coming here, though, and hopefully all our ramblings can help you figure out if this place is right for you. That is all for now, folks. Feel free to ask more questions in the comments! (Trolls: I know where you live, please refrain.)

American Fuel Supply Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2225 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? American Fuel Supply Company Inc. 1. A major focus of the lawsuit Chevron Chemical filed against Touche Ross was the auditing profession’s rules regarding the â€Å"subsequent discovery of facts existing at the date of the auditor’s report†. Those rules distinguish between situations in which a client cooperates with the auditor in making all necessary disclosures and situations involving uncooperative clients. Briefly summarize the differing responsibilities that auditors have in those two sets of circumstances. Answer: International Standard of Auditing (ISA) Section 560 Subsequent Events paragraph 15 defined that â€Å"Subsequent discovery of facts existing at the date of the auditor’s report† is where the condition when after the financial statements have been issued, the auditor becomes aware of a fact which existed at the date of the auditor’s report and which if known at that date, may have caused the auditor to modify the auditor’s report, the auditor should consider whether the financial statements need revision, should discuss the matter with management, and should take the action appropriate in the circumstances. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Fuel Supply Company" essay for you Create order The subsequent discovery of facts requiring the recall or re-issuance of financial statements does not arise from business events occurring after the date of auditor’s report. While a number of situations may apply, the most common situation is where the previously financial statements contain material misstatements due to either unintentional or intentional actions by management. When facts are encountered that may affect the auditor’s previously issued report, the auditor should consult with his/her attorney because legal implications may be involved and actions taken by the auditor may involve confidential client-auditor communications. The auditor should determine whether the facts are reliable and whether they existed at the date of the audit report. The auditor should discuss the matter with an appropriate level of management and request cooperation in investigating the potential misstatement. Messier, Jr. , W. , Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. 2008) If the auditor determines that the previously issued financial statements are in error and the audit report is affected, he/she should request that the client issue an immediate revision to the financial statements and auditor’s report. The reasons for the revisions should be described in the footnotes to the revised financial statement. (Messier, Jr. , W. , Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. 2008). ISA Section 560 paragraph 16 further explained the responsibilities of the auditors in the situation when a client cooperates with the auditor in making all necessary disclosures. It stated that when management revises the financial statements, the auditor would carry out the audit procedures necessary in the circumstances, would review the steps taken by management to ensure that anyone in receipt of the previously issued financial statements together with the auditor’s report thereon is informed of the situation and would issue a new report on the revised financial statements. ISA Section 560 paragraph 17 highlighted that the new auditor’s report should include an emphasis of a matter paragraph referring to a note to the financial statements that more extensively discusses the reason for the revision of the previously issued financial statements and to the earlier report issued by the auditor. The new auditor’s report would be dated not earlier than the date of approval of the revised financial statements. If the client refuses to cooperate and make the necessary disclosures, the auditor should notify the board of directors and take the following steps, if possible: * Notify the client that the auditor’s report must no longer be associated with the financial statements * Notify any regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over the client that the auditor’s report can no longer be relied upon. * Notify each person known to the auditor to be relying on the financial statements. Notifying a regulatory agency such as the SEC is often the only practical way of providing appropriate disclosure. (Messier, Jr. , W. Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. 2008) The opinion of the above author also supported by ISA Section 560 paragraphs 18. It stated that when management does not take the necessary steps to ensure that anyone in receipt of the previously issued financial statements together with the auditor’s report thereon is informed of the situation and does not revise the financia l statements in circumstances where the auditor believes they need to be revised, the auditor would notify those charged with governance of the entity that action will be taken by the auditor to prevent future reliance on the auditor’s report. The action taken will depend on the auditor’s legal rights and obligations and recommendations of the auditor’s lawyers. 2. Given your previous answer, do you believe that Touche Ross complied with the applicable professional standards after learning of the error in AFS’s 1985 financial statements? Explain. Answer: Based on the previous answer, I believed that Touche Ross did not comply with the applicable professional standards which are International Standard of Auditing (ISA) 560. When the personnel of Touche Ross discovered that the AFS’s 1985 financial statements contained a material misstatement, they attempted to persuade AFS to recall the company’s 1985 financial statements. But, unfortunately AFS officials declined to recall those financial statements. At last, AFS and Touch Ross come out with a compromise. This compromise permitted Touch Ross to only notify AFS’s sole secured creditor that the firm’s audit opinion on AFS’s 1985 financial statements had been withdrawn but could not notify AFS’s unsecured creditors included Chevron Chemical. The compromise that made by the Touche Ross with AFS have violated the ISA Section 560 paragraph 18. They should not only notify some of the AFS creditors. On the contrary, they should comply with the standard that required them to notify those charged with governance of the company or each person known to the auditor to be relying on the financial statement that action will be taken by the auditors to prevent future reliance on the auditor’s report. On top of that, Chevron Chemical Company is the largest suppliers of AFS and it will rely on the erroneous financial statement in deciding to continue extending credit to the company. So, the Touche Ross has the responsibility to inform Chevron Chemical Company of the material misstatement in the financial statement 1985. As a result, Chevron Chemical Company sued the Touche Ross and the court ruled that Touche Ross was negligent as a matter of law in failing to notify Chevron Chemical Company of the withdrawal of their opinion. . Do you agree with the assertion of AFS’s legal counsel that Touche Ross would have violated the profession’s client confidentiality rule by withdrawing its 1985 audit opinion and notifying all relevant third parties of the decision? Why or why not? Answer: No, I don’t agree with the assertion of AFS’s legal counsel that Touche Ross would have violated the profession’s client confidentiality rule by withdrawing its 1985 aud it opinion and notifying all relevant third parties of the decision. First of all, we look at the definition of confidentiality. By-laws (On Professional Ethics, Conduct and Practice) of Malaysian Institute of Accountants Section 100 Fundamental Principles and Conceptual Framework stated that a professional accountant should respect the confidentiality of information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships and should not disclose any such information to third parties without proper and specific authority unless there is a legal or professional right or duty to disclose. Confidential information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships should not be used for the personal advantage of the professional accountant or third parties. MIA By-laws Section 140 Confidentiality paragraph 0. 7 further explained about the concept of legal or professional right or duty to disclose the confidential information. It highlighted that the disclosure of the confidential information may be appropriate if there is a professional duty or right to disclose when not prohibited by law: * To comply with the quality assurance or practice review program of the Institute * To respond to an inquiry or investigation by the Institute’s Investigation Committee or Disciplinary Committee or any other regulatory body * To protect the professional interests of a professional accountant in legal proceedings * To comply with technical standards and ethics requirements As stated in the case of Fischer vs. Kletz, the responsibility to correct an audit report that was incorrect at the time of issuance is a legal as well as a professional obligation. (Cashell, J. D. , Fuerman, R. D. ) In my opinion, Touche Ross has the professional duty or right to withdraw their audit opinion and notify third parties of that their opinion had been withdrawn to comply with the requirements of the professional ethics and conduct. Interests of all parties including the third parties like Chevron Chemical Company will be harmed if Touche Ross does not disclose the material misstatement of AFS to the public. It is because the third parties will continue to rely on the erroneous financial statement to make their financial decisions such as extending credits or approving the loans to AFS. On top of that, if Touche Ross resisted disclosing, then there will be a legal obligation towards the Touche Ross on negligence in failing to notify the third parties of the withdrawal of their opinion. I would like to support my opinion with a case. The case Fund of Funds Ltd vs. Arthur Andersen Co is an example of a case where the CPA was deemed to have had a duty to disclose. Arthur Andersen Co (AA) was the auditor for two clients, Fund of Funds Ltd (FF) and King Resources Corp. (KRC). KRC developed natural resource properties and agreed to be the sole vendor of such properties to FF at prices no higher than those charged KRS’s industrial clients. AA learned the agreement was not being met but failed to inform FF. The court ruled AA should have disclosed this fact to FF because 1) they had knowledge of the overcharges, 2) they knew of the terms of the agreement that was being violated and 3) the language of their engagement letter produced a contractual obligation to reveal such information. (Cashell, J. D. , Fuerman, R. D. ) This case proved that auditors got the obligation to disclose fraud or any misstatement to the outsiders. 4. Suppose that Touche Ross had resigned as AFS’s auditor following the completion of the 1985 audit but prior to the discovery of the error in the 1985 financial statements. What responsibility, if any, would Touche Ross have had when it learned of the error in AFS’s 1985 financial statements? Answer: According to the AU section 9561 Subsequent Discovery of Facts Existing at the Date of the Auditor’s Report: Auditing Interpretations of Section 561, it required that the auditor to undertake to determine whether the information is reliable and whether the facts existed at the date of his report. This undertaking must be performed even when the auditor has resigned or been discharged. Hence, when Touche Ross had learned of the error in AFS’s 1985 financial statements, it still has its own responsibility to investigate its reliability and whether it existed at the date of the report although it had resigned as AFS’s auditor following the completion of the 1985 audit. If the investigation finds the financial statements or report would have been affected by the error if known earlier and it is believed there are persons urrently relying or likely to rely on the financial statements who would attach importance to the information, the auditor who have resigned should also advise the client to make appropriate disclosure of the newly discovered facts. The responsibilities of the resigned auditors in the situations in which a client cooperates with the auditors in making all necessary disclosures and situations involving uncooperative clients are totally the same with the continuing auditor. As stated in the case Fischer vs. Kletz, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell Co. (PMM) had reported on financial statements it later discovered were incorrect at the time they were issued. PMM argued their duty ended once the audit report was issued. A key factor in the court’s denial of PMM’s motion to dismiss the claim was the representations were false at the time of issuance. (Cashell, J. D. , Fuerman, R. D. ) Back to the AFS case, if the Touche Ross had resigned as an auditor for AFS, it still had the responsibilities to correct previously issued information. It is because the error happened in AFS’s 1985 financial statement which Touche Ross was fully in charged in auditing the financial statement in that particular year. In addition, Touche Ross who had resigned as an auditor of AFS should inform the successor auditor of AFS of the material misstatement so that the successor will aware of the issue and might carry out extensive audit procedures by collecting more audit evidence in the current year audit to avoid the same issue happened in the current year. References Messier, Jr. , W. , Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. (2008). Auditing Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Arens, A. A. , Elder, R. J. , Beasley, M. S. , Amran, N. A. , Fadzil, F. H. , Muhammad Yusof, N. Z. , et al. (2008). Auditing and Assurance Services in Malaysia: An Integrated Approach (Second Edition). Selangor: Prentice Hall Cashell, J. D. Fuerman, R. D. (n. d), Auditing: The CPA’s Responsibility for Client Information. The CPA Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2009 from https://www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/1995/SEP95/aud0995. htm International Federation of Accountants (2008). Handbook of International Auditing,

How to Make Hydrogen Gas (4 Methods)

Its easy to generate hydrogen gas at home or in a lab using common household materials. Heres how to make hydrogen safely. Make Hydrogen Gas—Method 1 One of the easiest ways to obtain hydrogen is to get it from water, H2O. This method employs electrolysis, which breaks water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Materials Needed water9-volt battery2 paperclipsanother container filled with water Steps Unbend the paperclips and connect one to each terminal of the battery.Place the other ends, not touching, into a container of water. Thats it!Youll get bubbles off both wires. The one with more bubbles is giving off pure hydrogen. The other bubbles are impure oxygen. You can test which gas is hydrogen by lighting a match or lighter over the container. The hydrogen bubbles will burn; the oxygen bubbles will not burn.Collect the hydrogen gas by inverting a water-filled tube or jar over the wire producing the hydrogen gas. The reason you want water in the container is so you can collect hydrogen without obtaining air. Air contains 20% oxygen, which you want to keep out of the container in order to keep it from becoming dangerously flammable. For the same reason, dont collect the gas coming off both wires into the same container, since the mixture could burn explosively upon ignition. If you wish, you can collect the oxygen in the same way as the hydrogen, but be aware this gas is not ve ry pure.Cap or seal the container before inverting it, to avoid exposure to air. Disconnect the battery. Make Hydrogen Gas—Method 2 There are two simple improvements you can make to improve the efficiency of hydrogen gas production. You can use graphite (carbon) in the form of pencil lead as electrodes and you can add a pinch of salt to the water to act as an electrolyte. The graphite makes good electrodes because it is electrically neutral and wont dissolve during the electrolysis reaction. The salt is helpful because it dissociates into ions which increase the current flow. Materials Needed 2 pencilssaltcardboardwaterbattery (could go as low as 1.5 V with the electrolyte)2 paperclips or (better yet) 2 pieces of electrical wireanother container filled with water Steps Prepare the pencils by removing the erase and metal caps and sharpening both ends of the pencil.Youre going to use the cardboard to support the pencils in the water. Lay the cardboard over your container of water. Insert the pencils through the cardboard so that the lead is submerged in the liquid, but not touching the bottom or side of the container.Set the cardboard with pencils aside for a moment and add a pinch of salt to the water. You could use table salt, Epsom salt, etc.Replace the cardboard/pencil. Attach a wire to each pencil and connect it to the terminals of the battery.Collect the gas as before, in a container that has been filled with water. Make Hydrogen Gas—Method 3 You can get hydrogen gas by reacting hydrochloric acid with zinc: Zinc Hydrochloric Acid → Zinc Chloride HydrogenZn (s) 2HCl (l) → ZnCl2 (l) H2 (g) Materials Needed hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)zinc granules (or iron filings or strips of aluminum) Hydrogen gas bubbles will be released as soon as the acid and zinc are mixed. Be very careful to avoid contact with the acid. Also, heat will be given off by this reaction. Homemade Hydrogen Gas—Method 4 Aluminum Sodium Hydroxide → Hydrogen Sodium Aluminate2Al (s) 6NaOH (aq) → 3H2 (g) 2Na3AlO3 (aq) Materials Needed sodium hydroxide (found in certain drain clog removers)aluminum (included in the drain removal products or you can use foil) This is an extremely easy method of making homemade hydrogen gas. Simply add some water to the drain clog removal product! The reaction is exothermic, so use a glass bottle (not plastic) to collect the resulting gas. Hydrogen Gas Safety The main safety consideration is making certain hydrogen gas isnt allowed to mix with oxygen in the air. Nothing bad will happen if it does, but the resulting air-hydrogen mixture is much more flammable than hydrogen on its own because it now contains oxygen, which will act as an oxidizer.Store hydrogen gas away from an open flame or another ignition source.

Argument and Persuasion Free Essays

The controversy around homosexual marriage rages on in the United States and other nations, including everybody in the debate on the nature of marriage that threatens to redefine the concept of marriage as such. Argument and Persuasion Same-sex marriage was allowed nation-wide in Belgium (since 2003), Canada (since 2005), Netherlands (since 2001), and Spain (since 2005). In my opinion, homosexual persons should be given equal rights with heterosexuals in a democratic society that claims to uphold the moral value of every person irrespective of any issues pertaining to the person’s background such as race, ethnicity or sexual orientation. We will write a custom essay sample on Argument and Persuasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this debate, issue of core social value is what is really at stake, not just the social institutions like marriage or matters of children’s upbringing. The arguments against gay marriages are many, but most of them fail to offer solid reasons against this innovation. Permission to register same-sex marriages is consistent with the need recognized in all democratic societies to treat people as equals irrespective of qualities they cannot control, such as sexual orientation, origin, language, race and the like. Denying the right to marry to gays and lesbians, society perpetuates discrimination that does not allow minorities to have the rights enjoyed by ‘mainstream’ population. Most people would agree that homophobia is both harmful and humiliating for a community – it is a demonstration that the nation is not opposed to mediaeval witch hunts. Yet maintaining the ban on same-sex marriages to some degree justifies homophobia by showing that some human beings are still ‘more equal’ than others. Such a ban stresses the idea that homosexuals are not the same members of society as heterosexuals. Instead, they prove to be outcasts denied the basic human right to join their lives with their partner. The most frequent argument against same-sex marriage is that major religions including Christianity and Islam restrict the concept of marriage to the union between man and woman. On these grounds, believers campaign against same-sex marriages. However, one should note that in most modern nations religion is separate from the state, and thus the state does not have to embrace religious norms pertinent to any religion. Christian pastors can, for instance, persuade their parishes to have sexual lives that correspond to their beliefs, but they can hardly change the morals of the whole society. Thus, the fact that under a certain religion same-sex marriages are considered a sin cannot be a valid argument to institute this ban in a secular state that most often includes citizens belonging to different faiths. In a pluralistic society, believers of one faith have no right to impose their views on the rest of the nation, even if they outnumber other denominations. Besides, within a certain religion there may be differing views on the policies concerning same-sex marriages. Thus, within Christianity, there is a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender movement named Creating Change that draws on Christian norms to justify same-sex marriages. Dr. Yvette Flunder who founded City of Refuge United Church of Christ in San Francisco sums up the position of the movement in the following words: â€Å"God is on our side, and God has been on the side of those who struggle for right and righteousness from the very beginning† (Sturrock, 2005). The movement strives to shake off the homophobia of the Christian rights and to redirect the discussion towards the core values of basic humanity. Another argument against gay marriage is that it undermines the value of marriage as such. In debates on the bill closely defining the meaning of marriage, Canadian Senator Marisa Ferretti Barth described marriage as â€Å"the public joining together of a man and a woman who want to found a family, to have children and so ensure that the family will continue into future generations† (Hays 2002). The proponents of the amendment to the US Constitution that will officially restrict marriage only to heterosexual couples similarly underscore that marriage is only meaningful when it is meant to unite a man and a woman, in line with traditions that are millennia old. Tradition is fine, but time arrives when society has to redefine some or all of its core institutions, perhaps those that had carried it through to this day. Now it may be the time to reshape our common concept of marriage in the same way as people whose generations of ancestors lived under monarchy opted for democracy. In earlier centuries the idea that virtually the entire Europe will be governed by democratically elected leaders seemed absurd, and people could not imagine how they will live without a king. Yet now most of us are pleased that we do not have to reckon with weak-minded hereditary rulers. In the same way society must come to see marriage not simply as a way to stimulate procreation in its members, but as a vehicle for expressing love and care. Many people are willing to allow homosexual marriages but insist that allowing gays and lesbians to bring up kids is a bad idea. The most important reason is that children raised in such families are at greater risk of becoming homosexuals themselves later on. The validity of this concern depends on the agreement as to the reasons for the choice of sexual orientation by a certain person. If one believes that the choice of sexual orientation is conditioned largely by upbringing and external influences, then the above claim has value. However, many researchers suppose that orientation is determined by inborn factors. If this is true, it does not matter whether the child will be exposed to displays of homosexual partnership. Growing up in a same-sex family, the child is likely to develop some positive features instead. Here belongs the trend â€Å"to discriminate less on matters of race, gender or sexual orientation† (Robinson 2004). They are also more prone to experiment in sexual life before marriage. As to the proportion of gays or lesbians among adults with this kind of background, it tends to be much the same as in the rest of the population. Actually, the very idea that becoming a homosexual is a tragic development hinges on the perception of homosexuals as inferior beings. Once again, many people stand opposed to gay marriage since it does not promote procreation. Marriage, in their perception, should be about procreation, and since same-sex couples cannot perform this function, they have no right to marry. There is one problem with this argument – the fact that many people in ‘normal’ marriages cannot procreate either. In some couples, the partners are past child-bearing age. In others, husband and wife cannot conceive because of biological problems. The National Center for Health Statistics reports that â€Å"the number of infertile married couples of childbearing age in the U.S. was 2.1 million†, and many of those can only have children even through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or artificial insemination (Robinson 2004). If this argument were true, society should have introduced a rule to perform medical analysis of every wedding couple to see if they are capable of reproduction and deny this right to those that prove incapable. Clearly, this suggestion is inhumane, but no more humane is the suggestion to deny the right to marry to homosexuals on the grounds of their infertility. This infertility is not absolute either. Lesbians can bear children through artificial insemination, and gay men can have them with the help of surrogate motherhood. Thus, the main objections against same-sex marriages fail to reach their point. They offer pretexts against legalisation of such marriages rather than valid arguments. Speaking of kids, they can be happy in same-sex environments no less than in regular opposite-sex families. Childhood happiness is really about being loved and does not depend so much on the gender composition of the environment. The same is true for adults, since most of us need love more than anything else in the world, whatever other important things may be our priorities. Giving homosexuals a way to legitimize their relationships, to secure their future in case of divorce or death of one of the partners means giving them equality with other members of society. The fact that they were often denied this opportunity in the past does not bind the future. If we as a society learn to make more democratic choices, this will improve social experience for all us, not just homosexual couples, because we will increase the value of the individual. References Hays, Dan. 2002. Debates of the Senate (Hansard). 1st Session, 37th Parliament, 139 (124), June 13. http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/124db_2002-06-13-E.htm?Language=EParl=37Ses=1#73 (accessed November 16, 2005). Robinson, B.A. 2004. Is Same-Sex Marriage (SSM) A Bad Idea? Seven Reasons Why They Are Undesirable (With Rebuttals). Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 10 April. http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marint2.htm (accessed November 16, 2005). Sturrock, Carrie. 2005. Meeting for gays focuses on God: It’s time to reclaim moral values debate, speakers tell crowd. San Francisco Chronicle, November 14. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/14/BAGFCFNKJE1.DTLhw=gaysn=001sc=1000 (accessed November 16, 2005).    How to cite Argument and Persuasion, Essays

Teenagers Essays - Teenager, Teen, Adolescence, Teen Dramas

Teenagers The teenager is a creature far different from that of any other. These strange beings are classified into the species of the homo sapiens ranging from thirteen to eighteen years of age. Through the years, it seems that a teenager has grown more to be a separate class in itself rather than a certain time period in life. Although teenagers are really almost a separate sub- species of the human race, none of them are really quite the same. The teenager may be divided into three separate categories ranging from the radical, moderate, and conservative. The "radical" teenager may be best described as one going to all extremes to try and prove something that nobody else can really understand. Punks, stoners, new- wavers, skaters, surfers, and other similar people fall into this category. The "moderate" sub-species of the teenager may best be described as the classic teenager, or really a teenager who epitomizes most of the qualities of a "normal" teenager. This category comprises the widest range of people and could definitely be sub-divided within itself. This particular category of teenager is slightly vague as it can range from teenagers such as "jocks" to "brains". The last of these categories, the "conservative" teenager describes the class of teenagers who follow the rules and teachings of the adult world without a complaint or rejection. One will most likely find a "conservative" teen in the front of the classroom trying to get as close to the teacher's desk as possible. One will find that this person is usually quite timid and quiet the majority of the time. The description of any of these abstract creatures is quite difficult because of the vast difference in each one's features. These beings may range from 3 feet in height up to around 7 feet. They can be either tall, fat, thin, short, ugly, attractive, intelligent, slow, fast, responsible, irresponsable or a variety of several more features humanly possible. The "radical" and "moderate" teenagers are usually quite unpredictable and can usually never be trusted. The vast majority of teenagers begin to actually think and reason for the first time in their life and begin to have contrasting beliefs from what they have been taught by their elders for 13 to 18 years. Before hitting the teenage years, most every person accepted just about everything taught by their parents as they had no reason not to believe in their parents, and also knew no better. As these teens begin to think, they find logic in new and different beliefs and find many old beliefs obsolete. Teens could be a major advantage to the human race if it were not for their tragic flaw in which they think that they have had so much experience in life that they are ready to handle it all and take on the world with their "vast knowledge of life". Although teens are far from perfect, they are still not treated to the best of the older generation's ability. The average teenager is "abused" by their elders. Teens are forced to do miscellaneous odd jobs not respectable to the human race. One may find a teenager doing such degradable chores ranging from taking out the garbage, doing the dishes, to sacking groceries at the local grocery store. Although for the most part teenagers are mistreated, being a teenager has its definite advantages. For in being a teenager, not much is mentally expected of you, for the elder generation has accepted the fact of the difference between them and the teen. As the elder generation was also forced to go through this demanding time in life, they realize how "difficult" it is, thus a teenager can practically get away with "murder". As the teenager can never fully be described because of their wide variety of qualities both mentally and physically, many people struggle to find out exactly why teenagers act as they do. As one may see, the differences of the teenager are quite obvious and contrasting to that of any other period in life.